TY - JOUR
T1 - Skin permeation of small-molecule drugs, macromolecules, and nanoparticles mediated by a fractional carbon dioxide laser
T2 - The role of hair follicles
AU - Lee, Woan Ruoh
AU - Shen, Shing Chuan
AU - Al-Suwayeh, Saleh A.
AU - Yang, Hung Hsu
AU - Li, Yi Ching
AU - Fang, Jia You
PY - 2013/3
Y1 - 2013/3
N2 - Purpose: To evaluate skin permeation enhancement mediated by fractional laser for different permeants, including hydroquinone, imiquimod, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD), and quantum dots. Methods: Skin received a single irradiation of a fractional CO2 laser, using fluence of 2 or 4 mJ with densities of 100 ∼ 400 spots/cm2. In vitro and in vivo skin penetration experiments were performed. Fluorescence and confocal microscopies for imaging delivery pathways were used. Results: The laser enhanced flux of small-molecule drugs 2 ∼ 5-fold compared to intact skin. A laser fluence of 4 mJ with a 400-spot/cm2 density promoted FD flux at 20 and 40 kDa from 0 (passive transport) to 0.72 and 0.43 nmol/cm 2/h, respectively. Microscopic images demonstrated a significant increase in fluorescence accumulation and penetration depth of macromolecules and nanoparticles after laser exposure. Predominant routes for laser-assisted delivery may be intercellular and follicular transport. CO2 laser irradiation produced 13-fold enhancement in follicular deposition of imiquimod. Laser-mediated follicular transport could deliver permeants to deeper strata. Skin barrier function as determined by transepidermal water loss completely recovered by 12 h after irradiation, much faster than conventional laser treatment (4 days). Conclusions: Fractional laser could selectively enhance permeant targeting to follicles such as imiquimod and FD but not hydroquinone, indicating the importance of selecting feasible drugs for laser-assisted follicle delivery.
AB - Purpose: To evaluate skin permeation enhancement mediated by fractional laser for different permeants, including hydroquinone, imiquimod, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD), and quantum dots. Methods: Skin received a single irradiation of a fractional CO2 laser, using fluence of 2 or 4 mJ with densities of 100 ∼ 400 spots/cm2. In vitro and in vivo skin penetration experiments were performed. Fluorescence and confocal microscopies for imaging delivery pathways were used. Results: The laser enhanced flux of small-molecule drugs 2 ∼ 5-fold compared to intact skin. A laser fluence of 4 mJ with a 400-spot/cm2 density promoted FD flux at 20 and 40 kDa from 0 (passive transport) to 0.72 and 0.43 nmol/cm 2/h, respectively. Microscopic images demonstrated a significant increase in fluorescence accumulation and penetration depth of macromolecules and nanoparticles after laser exposure. Predominant routes for laser-assisted delivery may be intercellular and follicular transport. CO2 laser irradiation produced 13-fold enhancement in follicular deposition of imiquimod. Laser-mediated follicular transport could deliver permeants to deeper strata. Skin barrier function as determined by transepidermal water loss completely recovered by 12 h after irradiation, much faster than conventional laser treatment (4 days). Conclusions: Fractional laser could selectively enhance permeant targeting to follicles such as imiquimod and FD but not hydroquinone, indicating the importance of selecting feasible drugs for laser-assisted follicle delivery.
KW - fractional CO laser
KW - hair follicles
KW - macromolecule
KW - nanoparticle
KW - skin permeation
KW - small-molecule drug
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U2 - 10.1007/s11095-012-0920-4
DO - 10.1007/s11095-012-0920-4
M3 - Article
C2 - 23138262
AN - SCOPUS:84878849909
SN - 0724-8741
VL - 30
SP - 792
EP - 802
JO - Pharmaceutical Research
JF - Pharmaceutical Research
IS - 3
ER -