Leukotriene C₄ induces TGF-β₁ production in airway epithelium via p38 kinase pathway

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of airway remodeling. We investigated the interaction between epithelium and CysLTC4, and the contribution of this interaction to airway fibrosis. Human airway epithelial cells were grown on air-liquid interface culture inserts. CysLTC4 was employed to stimulate the cells. Conditioned medium following CysLTC4 stimulation was coincubated with human lung fibroblasts. Our results have demonstrated that CysLTC4 stimulates airway epithelial cells, through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation mechanism, to produce transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), which results in fibroblast proliferation. The selective p38 MAPK inhibitor S203580 successfully inhibits p38 MAPK phosphorylation and subsequent TGF-β1 production. CysLT 1 receptor antagonist montelukast and corticosteroid inhibit TGF-β1 production at the mRNA and protein levels. When treated with LTC4, the conditioned medium from epithelial cells enhances fibroblast proliferation, this mitogenic effect being attributed to TGF-β1 and LTC4 remaining in the culture medium. In addition, LTC4 itself acts as a potential growth factor for lung fibroblasts. These data indicate that interactions between LTC4 and airway epithelial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of airway remodeling. Early intervention to stop these processes may be useful in preventing airway fibrosis in chronic allergic inflammation.