TY - JOUR
T1 - Induction of metastatic cancer stem cells from the NK/LAK-resistant floating, but not adherent, subset of the UP-LN1 carcinoma cell line by IFN-γ
AU - Chen, Hung Chang
AU - Chou, Andy Shau Bin
AU - Liu, Yu Chen
AU - Hsieh, Chin Hsuan
AU - Kang, Chen Chen
AU - Pang, See Tong
AU - Yeh, Chi Tai
AU - Liu, Hui Ping
AU - Liao, Shuen Kuei
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported in part by grants from the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC97-2314-B-182-017; NSC98-2314-B-182-018), the Department of Health of Taiwan (DOH100-TD-C-111-008), and the Chang Gung Medical Research Fund (CMRPD170042). We wish to thank Cherry Tzu-Ru Chang, Shaw-Ching Soong, and Chuan-Tien Hung for skillful technical assistance.
PY - 2011/10
Y1 - 2011/10
N2 - As an advanced status of cancer stem cells (CSCs), metastatic CSCs (mCSCs) have been proposed to be the essential seeds that initiate tumor metastasis. However, the biology of mCSCs is poorly understood. In this study, we used a lymph node (LN) metastatic CEA-producing carcinoma cell line, UP-LN1, characterized by the persistent appearance of adherent (A) and floating (F) cells in culture, to determine the distribution of CSCs and mechanisms for the induction of mCSCs. F and A cells displayed distinct phenotypes, CD44 high/CD24 low and CD44 low/CD24 high, respectively. The CSC-rich nature of F cells was typified by stronger expression of multiple drug resistance genes and a 7.8-fold higher frequency of tumor-initiating cells in NOD/SCID mice when compared with A cells. F cells showed a greater depression in HLA class I expression and an extreme resistance to NK/LAK-mediated cytolysis. Moreover, the NK/LAK-resistant F cells were highly susceptible to IFN-γ-mediated induction of surface CXCR4, with concomitant downregulation of cytoplasmic CXCL12 expression, whereas these two parameters remained essentially unchanged in NK/LAK-sensitive A cells. Following the induction of surface CXCR4, enhanced migratory/invasive potential of F cells was demonstrated by in vitro assays. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed the two distinct phenotypes of F and A cells could be correspondingly identified in monodispersed and compact tumor cell areas within the patient's LN tumor lesion. In response to IFN-γ or activated NK/LAK cells, the CXCR4 + mCSCs could be only induced from the CSCs, which were harbored in the highly tumorigenic CD44 high/CD24 low F subset. Our results revealed the complexity and heterogeneity of the CSC of this cell line/tumor and the differential immunomodulatory roles of F and A cells. A better understanding of the interactions among different classes of CSCs and their niches may assist us in eradicating the CSCs/mCSCs through targeted immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or both.
AB - As an advanced status of cancer stem cells (CSCs), metastatic CSCs (mCSCs) have been proposed to be the essential seeds that initiate tumor metastasis. However, the biology of mCSCs is poorly understood. In this study, we used a lymph node (LN) metastatic CEA-producing carcinoma cell line, UP-LN1, characterized by the persistent appearance of adherent (A) and floating (F) cells in culture, to determine the distribution of CSCs and mechanisms for the induction of mCSCs. F and A cells displayed distinct phenotypes, CD44 high/CD24 low and CD44 low/CD24 high, respectively. The CSC-rich nature of F cells was typified by stronger expression of multiple drug resistance genes and a 7.8-fold higher frequency of tumor-initiating cells in NOD/SCID mice when compared with A cells. F cells showed a greater depression in HLA class I expression and an extreme resistance to NK/LAK-mediated cytolysis. Moreover, the NK/LAK-resistant F cells were highly susceptible to IFN-γ-mediated induction of surface CXCR4, with concomitant downregulation of cytoplasmic CXCL12 expression, whereas these two parameters remained essentially unchanged in NK/LAK-sensitive A cells. Following the induction of surface CXCR4, enhanced migratory/invasive potential of F cells was demonstrated by in vitro assays. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed the two distinct phenotypes of F and A cells could be correspondingly identified in monodispersed and compact tumor cell areas within the patient's LN tumor lesion. In response to IFN-γ or activated NK/LAK cells, the CXCR4 + mCSCs could be only induced from the CSCs, which were harbored in the highly tumorigenic CD44 high/CD24 low F subset. Our results revealed the complexity and heterogeneity of the CSC of this cell line/tumor and the differential immunomodulatory roles of F and A cells. A better understanding of the interactions among different classes of CSCs and their niches may assist us in eradicating the CSCs/mCSCs through targeted immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or both.
KW - CD44/CD24
KW - CXCR4/CXCL12 axis
KW - HLA class I
KW - metastasis
KW - metastatic cancer stem cells
KW - non-MHC-restricted effector lymphocytes
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=80053377473&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=80053377473&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/labinvest.2011.91
DO - 10.1038/labinvest.2011.91
M3 - Article
C2 - 21691263
AN - SCOPUS:80053377473
SN - 0023-6837
VL - 91
SP - 1502
EP - 1513
JO - Laboratory Investigation
JF - Laboratory Investigation
IS - 10
ER -
