@article{46d72663075442d1ad85d604c0b0ab99,
title = "Endocardial endothelial dysfunction and unknown polymorphic composite accumulation in heart failure",
abstract = "The accumulation of unknown polymorphic composites in the endocardium damages the endocardial endothelium (EE). However, the composition and role of unknown polymorphic composites in heart failure (HF) progression remain unclear. Here, we aimed to explore composite deposition during endocardium damage and HF progression. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two HF groups—angiotensin II-induced HF and left anterior descending artery ligation-induced HF. Heart tissues from patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (non-HF) and those with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) were collected. EE damage, polymorphic unknown composite accumulation, and elements in deposits were examined. HF progression reduced the expression of CD31 in the endocardium, impaired endocardial integrity, and exposed the myofibrils and mitochondria. The damaged endocardial surface showed the accumulation of unknown polymorphic composites. In the animal HF model, especially HF caused by myocardial infarction, the weight and atomic percentages of O, Na, and N in the deposited composites were significantly higher than those of the other groups. The deposited composites in the human HF heart section (DCM) had a significantly higher percentage of Na and S than the other groups, whereas the percentage of C and Na in the DCM and ICM groups was significantly higher than those of the control group. HF causes widespread EE dysfunction, and EndMT was accompanied by polymorphic composites of different shapes and elemental compositions, which further damage and deteriorate heart function.",
keywords = "Dilated cardiomyopathy, Endothelial endocardium, Heart failure, Ischemic cardiomyopathy, Mineral deposition, Unknown polymorphic composite",
author = "Kuo, {Hsuan Fu} and Liu, {I. Fan} and Li, {Chia Yang} and Tsai, {Chien Sung} and Chen, {Yung Hsiang} and Lian, {Wei Shiung} and Lin, {Tzu Chieh} and Liu, {Yu Ru} and Lee, {Tsung Ying} and Huang, {Chi Yuan} and Hsieh, {Chong Chao} and Hsu, {Chih Hsin} and Lin, {Feng Yen} and Liu, {Po Len}",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgments: We thank the Center for Research Resources and Development of Kaohsiung Medical University for support with the confocal microscopy. Funding Information: Supplementary Materials: The following is available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/biomedicines9101465/s1, Table S1: Clinical characteristics of CABG patients. Author Contributions: Conceptualization: P.-L.L., C.-C.H. and F.-Y.L.; methodology: P.-L.L., C.-C.H. and F.-Y.L.; investigation: H.-F.K., I.-F.L., C.-Y.L., C.-S.T., Y.-H.C., W.-S.L., T.-Y.L., Y.-R.L., T.-and F.-Y.L.; investigation: H.-F.K., I.-F.L., C.-Y.L., C.-S.T., Y.-H.C., W.-S.L., T.-Y.L., Y.-R.L., T.-C.L. and C.-Y.H.; funding acquisition: H.-F.K. and P.-L.L.; writing—original draft preparation: H.-F.K.; writing—review and editing: C.-H.H. and P.-L.L.; supervision: C.-C.H., H.-F.K. and P.-L.L. All authors Funding: The animal study was supported by grants from the Core Service Platform Project for Animal Pharmacology, National Research Program, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan. This study was partially supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, Animal Pharmacology, National Research Program, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan. This study was partially supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C. (grant numbers MOST110-2320-B-038-032-MY3, MOST109-2314-B-006-094-MY3, and MOST104-2314-B-037-081-MY2), Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital (grant numbers KMUH107-7M18 and KMUH108-8M27), and Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital Research Institutional Review Board Statement: This study was conducted according to the recommendations of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki on Biomedical Research involving human subjects and was approved by the local ethics com-mittee of the Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGHIRB No: 1-107-tions of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki on Biomedical Research involving human subjects and was approved by the local ethics com-mittee of the Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGHIRB No: 1-107-05-088, approval date 17 May 2019). For the animal ex-periments, the experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care Commit-tee of Kaohsiung Medical University (license number: IACUC106182, approval date 1 August 2018; 106039, approval date 1 May 2017). Funding Information: The animal study was supported by grants from the Core Service Platform Project for Animal Pharmacology, National Research Program, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan. This study was partially supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C. (grant numbers MOST110-2320-B-038-032-MY3, MOST109-2314-B-006-094-MY3, and MOST104-2314-B-037-081-MY2), Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital (grant numbers KMUH107-7M18 and KMUH108-8M27), and Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital Research Foundation (grant numbers KMTTH-108-019 and KMTTH-105-015). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2021",
month = oct,
doi = "10.3390/biomedicines9101465",
language = "English",
volume = "9",
journal = "Biomedicines",
issn = "2227-9059",
publisher = "MDPI AG",
number = "10",
}