@article{e75adc708850422c8764502bc5a19ea8,
title = "Enabling Technologies for Personalized and Precision Medicine",
abstract = "Individualizing patient treatment is a core objective of the medical field. Reaching this objective has been elusive owing to the complex set of factors contributing to both disease and health; many factors, from genes to proteins, remain unknown in their role in human physiology. Accurately diagnosing, monitoring, and treating disorders requires advances in biomarker discovery, the subsequent development of accurate signatures that correspond with dynamic disease states, as well as therapeutic interventions that can be continuously optimized and modulated for dose and drug selection. This work highlights key breakthroughs in the development of enabling technologies that further the goal of personalized and precision medicine, and remaining challenges that, when addressed, may forge unprecedented capabilities in realizing truly individualized patient care.",
keywords = "artificial intelligence, clinical trials, diagnostics, personalized medicine, precision medicine, therapeutics",
author = "Dean Ho and Quake, {Stephen R.} and McCabe, {Edward R.B.} and Chng, {Wee Joo} and Chow, {Edward K.} and Xianting Ding and Gelb, {Bruce D.} and Ginsburg, {Geoffrey S.} and Jason Hassenstab and Ho, {Chih Ming} and Mobley, {William C.} and Nolan, {Garry P.} and Rosen, {Steven T.} and Patrick Tan and Yun Yen and Ali Zarrinpar",
note = "Funding Information: Study populations will need to be more diverse if we are to achieve the mission of precision medicine. Genome-wide association studies are still largely comprised of patients of European descent [ 190 ]. In 2009, only 4% of patients in 373 studies were non-European; in 2016, only 19%, which is an improvement but still {\textquoteleft}persistent bias{\textquoteright} [ 191 ]. Therefore, re-engineering clinical trial designs, standards, and protocols may have significant benefits for personalized and precision medicine. The Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Initiative launched by the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute aims to correct this course, as does its umbrella effort, the NIH {\textquoteleft}All of Us{\textquoteright} Research Program (as part of the PMI); the Pharmacogenomic Resource for Enhanced Decisions in Care and Treatment (PREDICT) program at Vanderbilt University [ 192 , 193 ], the UK NHS counterpart, 100 000 Genomes Project; and other programs in China, France, and elsewhere. Data sharing among these initiatives could also bolster the power of these data sets to deliver precision medicine to all, rather than select populations that are overrepresented in individual precision medicine initiatives. In All of Us, engineers can play an important role in helping to achieve its mission, for example, by developing mobile health devices for lifestyle monitoring or designing technologies to discover new biomarkers of health and disease. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 Elsevier Ltd",
year = "2020",
month = may,
doi = "10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.021",
language = "English",
volume = "38",
pages = "497--518",
journal = "Trends in Biotechnology",
issn = "0167-7799",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
number = "5",
}
