@article{f0445bb44a5f409e9d19a731b67f311f,
title = "Elaborate ornaments are costly to maintain: Evidence for high maintenance handicaps",
abstract = "Elaborate secondary sexual traits, such as the ornamental plumage of birds, may be favored by female choice because they serve as honest indicators of male quality. Elaborate traits are thought to be honest signals because they are expensive to produce and increase predation risk. Here we investigate another potential cost of elaborate traits, i.e., the time and energy required to maintain them in good condition. We tested the hypothesis that species of birds with ornamental plumage invest more time in maintenance behavior than do related species without such plumage. To test the hypothesis we quantified the maintenance behavior of nine ornamental and nine non-ornamental species in aviaries and zoos. To test the validity of using captive birds, we first collected data on 12 captive species for which data from wild individuals were also available. The maintenance times of captive and wild individuals were highly correlated across species. Maintenance time was also correlated with plumage length, independent of body size. Ornamental species had longer plumage than non-ornamental species, and they devoted significantly more time to maintenance. Time spent on maintenance cannot be devoted to other activities. This temporal trade-off reinforces the honesty of ornamental plumage. We suggest that high maintenance handicaps are present in a variety of animals.",
keywords = "Comparative study, Grooming, Indicator mechanisms, Sexual selection, Time budgets",
author = "Walther, {Bruno A.} and Clayton, {Dale H.}",
note = "Funding Information: We would like to express our gratitude to the following people and institutions for access to their bird collections: Simon Blackwell, Assistant Curator at Cotswold Wild Life Park, Burford, Oxfordshire, UK; David Coles, Bird Curator at Beale Park, Child-Beale Trust, Church Farm, Reading, UK; Birdland, Bourton-on-the-Water; London Zoo, UK; Vogelpark Walsrode, Walsrode, Germany; and Brian Miller, Richard Reading, and Mary Susanne Wisz, Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, USA. We especially thank Nikki Collis and Anne Schuck-man for help collecting data for captive birds and Karl Schuchmann for providing data on hummingbirds. We also thank Robert Pr^ys-Jones for help at the Natural History Museum, Tring, UK and Linda Birch at the Edward-Grey-Institute library, Zoology Department, Oxford University, Oxford, UK. Finally, we thank Catherine Clarebrough, Timothy Crowe, Robert McCall, David Milson, Mark Pagel, Marion Petrie, Andy Purvis, Andy Rambaut, Andrew Read, Dan Tompkins, Graham Wragg, the late Paul B{\"u}hler, and three anonymous reviewers for providing valuable comments at various stages in the preparation of this paper. B.A.W. was supported by an Evan Carroll Commager Fellowship and a John Woodruff Simpson Fellowship from Amherst College, USA. D.H.C. was supported by National Science Foundation grants DEB-0107947 and DEB-0118794.",
year = "2005",
month = jan,
doi = "10.1093/beheco/arh135",
language = "English",
volume = "16",
pages = "89--95",
journal = "Behavioral Ecology",
issn = "1045-2249",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "1",
}