@article{86d0cef43c164441aefec9efe5e7fb84,
title = "Divaricoside Exerts Antitumor Effects, in Part, by Modulating Mcl-1 in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells",
abstract = "Cardiac glycosides (CGs), prescribed to treat congestive heart failure and arrhythmias, exert potent antitumor activity. In this study, divaricoside (DIV), a CG isolated from Strophanthus divaricatus was examined for its antitumor potency in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Cell growth was inhibited by DIV in a dose- and time-dependent manner in SCC2095 and OECM-1 OSCC cells using MTT assays. DIV induced S and G2/M phase arrest accompanied by downregulation of phosphorylated CDC25C, CDC25C, and CDC2 in SCC2095 cells. In addition, DIV induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and downregulating the expression of Mcl-1. Furthermore, overexpression of Mcl-1 partially reversed DIV-induced death in SCC2095 cells. Additionally, western blot and transmission electron microscopy analyses also indicated that DIV induced autophagy in SCC2095 cells. However, the combination of autophagy inhibitor did not affect DIV-mediated apoptosis in SCC2095 cells. Together, these findings suggest that translational potential of DIV to be developed as a therapeutic agent for OSCC treatment.",
keywords = "Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cardiac glycoside, Divaricoside, Mcl-1, Oral squamous cell carcinoma",
author = "Weng, {Jing Ru} and Bai, {Li Yuan} and Chiu, {Shih Jiuan} and Chiu, {Chang Fang} and Lin, {Wei Yu} and Hu, {Jing Lan} and Shieh, {Tzong Ming}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology , Taiwan ( MOST 106-2320-B-110-003-MY3 ), the Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taiwan, China Medical University Hospital Cancer Research Center of Excellence, Taiwan ( MOHW107-TDU-B-212-112015 ), and China Medical University Hospital , Taiwan ( DMR-108-015 ). Funding Information: This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 106-2320-B-110-003-MY3), the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, China Medical University Hospital Cancer Research Center of Excellence, Taiwan (MOHW107-TDU-B-212-112015), and China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan (DMR-108-015). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 The Authors",
year = "2019",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.004",
language = "English",
volume = "17",
pages = "151--159",
journal = "Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal",
issn = "2001-0370",
publisher = "Research Network of Computational and Structural Biotechnology",
}