TY - JOUR
T1 - Atypical renal clearance of nanoparticles larger than the kidney filtration threshold
AU - Adhipandito, Christophorus F.
AU - Cheung, Siu Hung
AU - Lin, Yu Han
AU - Wu, Si Han
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 110-2113-M-038-004 and MOST 108-2113-M-038-001-MY2) and a National Health Research Institutes of Taiwan grant (NHRI-EX110-10911EC).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/10/1
Y1 - 2021/10/1
N2 - In recent years, several publications reported that nanoparticles larger than the kidney filtration threshold were found intact in the urine after being injected into laboratory mice. This theoretically should not be possible, as it is widely known that the kidneys prevent molecules larger than 6–8 nm from escaping into the urine. This is interesting because it implies that some nanoparticles can overcome the size limit for renal clearance. What kinds of nanoparticles can “bypass” the glomerular filtration barrier and cross into the urine? What physical and chemical characteristics are essential for nanoparticles to have this ability? And what are the biomolecular and cellular mechanisms that are involved? This review attempts to answer those questions and summarize known reports of renal-clearable large nanoparticles.
AB - In recent years, several publications reported that nanoparticles larger than the kidney filtration threshold were found intact in the urine after being injected into laboratory mice. This theoretically should not be possible, as it is widely known that the kidneys prevent molecules larger than 6–8 nm from escaping into the urine. This is interesting because it implies that some nanoparticles can overcome the size limit for renal clearance. What kinds of nanoparticles can “bypass” the glomerular filtration barrier and cross into the urine? What physical and chemical characteristics are essential for nanoparticles to have this ability? And what are the biomolecular and cellular mechanisms that are involved? This review attempts to answer those questions and summarize known reports of renal-clearable large nanoparticles.
KW - Glomerular filtration barrier
KW - Inorganic nanoparticles
KW - Kidney filtration
KW - Nanoformulations
KW - Organic nanoparticles
KW - Renal clearance
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U2 - 10.3390/ijms222011182
DO - 10.3390/ijms222011182
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85116969393
SN - 1661-6596
VL - 22
JO - International journal of molecular sciences
JF - International journal of molecular sciences
IS - 20
M1 - 11182
ER -