@article{21faf1d043d34116b4ce3f04e5f2bb19,
title = "An operando X-ray diffraction study of chloroaluminate anion-graphite intercalation in aluminum batteries",
abstract = "We investigated rechargeable aluminum (Al) batteries composed of an Al negative electrode, a graphite positive electrode, and an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte at temperatures down to −40 °C. The reversible battery discharge capacity at low temperatures could be superior to that at room temperature. In situ/operando electrochemical and synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments combined with theoretical modeling revealed stable AlCl4 −/graphite intercalation up to stage 3 at low temperatures, whereas intercalation was reversible up to stage 4 at room temperature (RT). The higher-degree anion/graphite intercalation at low temperatures affords rechargeable Al battery with higher discharge voltage (up to 2.5 V, a record for Al battery) and energy density. A remarkable cycle life of >20,000 cycles at a rate of 6C (10 minutes charge time) was achievable for Al battery operating at low temperatures, corresponding to a >50-year battery life if charged/discharged once daily.",
keywords = "Aluminum batteries, Energy storage, Ionic liquids, Low temperature, Operando X-ray diffraction",
author = "Pan, {Chun Jern} and Chunze Yuan and Guanzhou Zhu and Qian Zhang and Huang, {Chen Jui} and Lin, {Meng Chang} and Michael Angell and Hwang, {Bing Joe} and Payam Kaghazchi and Hongjie Dai",
note = "Funding Information: This work was partially supported by US Department of Energy DE-SC0016165, the Global Networking Talent 3.0 plan [National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST) 104DI005] from the Ministry of Education of Taiwan, the Wallenberg Foundation Postdoctoral Scholarship Program on Environment and Energy ?The Stig Hagstr?m stipend? [The Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg foundation (MAW) 2013.0076], and the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province of China (tsqn20161025). Funding Information: This work was partially supported by US Department of Energy DE-SC0016165, the Global Networking Talent 3.0 plan [National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST) 104DI005] from the Ministry of Education of Taiwan, the Wallenberg Foundation Postdoctoral Scholarship Program on Environment and Energy “The Stig Hagstr{\"o}m stipend” [The Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg foundation (MAW) 2013.0076], and the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province of China (tsqn20161025). Funding Information: Foundation Postdoctoral Scholarship Program on Environment and Energy “The Stig Hagstr{\"o}m stipend” [The Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg foundation (MAW) 2013.0076], and the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province of China (tsqn20161025). Funding Information: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This work was partially supported by US Department of Energy DE-SC0016165, the Global Networking Talent 3.0 plan [National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST) 104DI005] from the Ministry of Education of Taiwan, the Wallenberg Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018, The Institute of Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved.",
year = "2018",
month = may,
day = "29",
doi = "10.1073/pnas.1803576115",
language = "English",
volume = "115",
pages = "5670--5675",
journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
issn = "0027-8424",
publisher = "National Academy of Sciences",
number = "22",
}