An innovative bioactive surface with potential hemocompatibility performance for enhancing osseointegration at early-stage implantation

In the present study, the effectiveness of biomedical titanium (Ti) with plasma oxidation, polymerization, and albumin immobilization in producing a bioactive surface (Ti/rutile TiO2/NH2/protein) that promote hemocompatibility performance was investigated through scanning electron microscopy Raman spectrometry, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, wettability examination, and blood clotting time assay. The results indicated that the bioactive surface with uniform island-like immobilized protein clusters was formed on the plasma-oxidized at 240 W specimen. This bioactive surface showed the significantly lowest contact angle as compared with the control (**p < 0.01) and other bioactive surfaces (plasma-oxidized at 80 W and 160 W) (*p < 0.05). In addition, the blood clotting time assay also demonstrated that the bioactive surface with 240 W exhibited the best red blood cell aggregation and adhesion performance. Thus, the fabricated bioactive surface not only increases wettability but also promotes hemocompatibility, thereby could potentially enhancing tissue healing at early-stage post-implantation.