Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review

Several vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) - have been developed since the COVID-19 pandemic began. Of these, 7 have been approved in the World Health Organization's Emergency Use Listing. However, these vaccines have been reported to have rare or serious adverse cardiovascular effects. This review presents updated information on the adverse cardiovascular effects of the approved COVID-19 vaccines - including inactivated vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, virus-like particles, nucleic acid vaccines, and viral vector vaccines - and the underlying mechanisms.