TY - JOUR
T1 - A mobile platform for characterizing on-road tailpipe emissions and toxicity of ultrafine particles under real driving Conditions
AU - Chen, Tse Lun
AU - Hsiao, Ta Chih
AU - Chuang, Hsiao Chi
AU - Ting, Yu Chieh
AU - Wang, Chen Hua
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors gratefully appreciate the financial support from the Environmental Protection Administration , Executive Yuan, Taiwan under grant No. MOST-107-EPA-F-015-002 .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2023/1
Y1 - 2023/1
N2 - Acute exposure to fresh traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) can be high for road users, including motorbike drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. However, evaluating the toxicity of fresh traffic emissions from on-road vehicles is challenging since pollution properties can change dynamically within a short distance and time. This study demonstrated a mobile platform equipped with an On-Board Diagnostic II (OBDII) system, a tailor-made portable emission measurement system, and an electrostatic air-liquid interface exposure system with human monocytic THP-1 cells to characterize on-road tailpipe emissions under real driving conditions. High number concentrations up to 106–107 # cm−3 of ultrafine particles (UFPs) were observed for a gasoline engine at the cold-start stage and a diesel engine during particulate filter regeneration. In particular, a substantial fraction of freshly emitted UFPs within the size less than 23 nm were observed and should be cautioned. The potential toxicity of fresh TRAPs was quantified by cell viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers. Results show that the decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and high oxidative stress induced by the fresh TRAPs were potentially contributed by gaseous pollutants as well as particles, especially driving with the high idling frequency. Moreover, the dominant contributor to the toxicity is different for gasoline's and diesel's TRAPs. Characterizing on-road air pollutant toxicity as well as physicochemical properties using an innovative mobile platform can fill this knowledge gap.
AB - Acute exposure to fresh traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) can be high for road users, including motorbike drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. However, evaluating the toxicity of fresh traffic emissions from on-road vehicles is challenging since pollution properties can change dynamically within a short distance and time. This study demonstrated a mobile platform equipped with an On-Board Diagnostic II (OBDII) system, a tailor-made portable emission measurement system, and an electrostatic air-liquid interface exposure system with human monocytic THP-1 cells to characterize on-road tailpipe emissions under real driving conditions. High number concentrations up to 106–107 # cm−3 of ultrafine particles (UFPs) were observed for a gasoline engine at the cold-start stage and a diesel engine during particulate filter regeneration. In particular, a substantial fraction of freshly emitted UFPs within the size less than 23 nm were observed and should be cautioned. The potential toxicity of fresh TRAPs was quantified by cell viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers. Results show that the decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and high oxidative stress induced by the fresh TRAPs were potentially contributed by gaseous pollutants as well as particles, especially driving with the high idling frequency. Moreover, the dominant contributor to the toxicity is different for gasoline's and diesel's TRAPs. Characterizing on-road air pollutant toxicity as well as physicochemical properties using an innovative mobile platform can fill this knowledge gap.
KW - Onboard diagnostic
KW - Portable emission measurement systems
KW - Toxicity
KW - Traffic-related air pollutants
KW - Ultrafine particles
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85140093310&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85140093310&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114523
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114523
M3 - Article
C2 - 36270534
AN - SCOPUS:85140093310
SN - 0013-9351
VL - 216
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
M1 - 114523
ER -