Wireless, self‑powered phototrophic algaerobot‑infused nanotherapeutic hydrogels for enhanced diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wounds present a significant clinical challenge due to impaired immunity, hypoxia, poor neovascularization, and chronic inflammation, often resulting in severe complications such as amputation. Conventional therapies, including hyperbaric oxygen, antioxidants, and electrical stimulation, face limitations in delivering sustained and safe oxygen, hydrogen, and electrical stimulation to the wound site. This study introduces a groundbreaking approach by integrating phototrophic algae robots (AR) into a methylcellulose (MC) hydrogel, combined with platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs) and conductive glycol chitosan-polypyrrole nanoparticles (GCS-PPy NPs), forming a multifunctional composite system (MC-pEV-AR-GCS-PPy NPs). This advanced composite addresses the limitations of traditional treatments by integrating continuous, self-powered hydrogen and oxygen generation, electrical stimulation, and hyperthermia, all triggered by light-activated, electromagnetically driven mechanisms. Photosynthetic algae robots offer a sustainable solution for the generation of hydrogen and oxygen, effectively targeting the prevalent issues of hypoxia and the deficit frequently encountered in diabetic wounds. This innovative approach improves therapeutic outcomes through the integration of electrochemical processes and nanophototherapeutics, creating a multimodal platform. This platform not only promotes tissue regeneration and angiogenesis but also alleviates hypoxic conditions, modulates immune responses, and addresses key challenges associated with chronic wound healing. Incorporating pEVs amplifies the regenerative potential of the system, accelerating wound healing and promoting tissue regeneration. This self-powered platform not only reduces inflammation and suppresses M1 macrophage bioactivity but also regulates immune responses, creating an optimized healing environment. The MC-pEV-AR-GCS-PPy NPs composite represents a promising translational approach to diabetic wound healing, offering significant potential for clinical application, particularly in treating wounds resistant to conventional therapies.