Tranexamic Acid With Acid Suppression Versus Acid Suppression Alone as Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Studies have reported the benefits of tranexamic acid (TXA) in controlling bleeding across various conditions. However, the effect of TXA in upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) remains controversial, and its therapeutic impact when combined with acid suppression, particularly proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are considered first-line therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers, has not been reported. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar from January 1987 to June 2024 using predefined keywords to identify RCTs meeting our inclusion criteria, including details of TXA dosage, route of administration, and choice of acid suppressants. Data from selected trials were extracted, and a meta-analysis was performed using random-effects modeling. Results: Six trials with 709 participants were included. Baseline patient characteristics in the selected trials were balanced. The rebleeding rate, mortality, need for blood transfusion, units of blood transfused, and need for salvage therapy were compared. The TXA with acid suppression group significantly reduced the risk of rebleeding (RR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41–0.96), units of blood transfused (mean difference: −1.08, 95% CI: −1.44 to −0.71), and the need for salvage therapy (RR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12–0.64). No significant difference was observed in mortality rate (RR: 0.74) and need for blood transfusion (RR: 1.01) between the two groups, but outcomes favored the TXA and acid suppression group. Conclusions: We suggest combining TXA with acid suppression as a first-line therapy for UGIB patients. Further trials should be conducted to determine the optimal dose and route of TXA administration for better care.