Systematic designs of single metal compounds synthesized using ammonia fluoride-based complex as structure directing agents for energy storage

Tailoring morphology and composition of metal organic frameworks (MOF) can improve energy storage by establishing high surface area, large porosity and multiple redox states. Structure directing agents (SDA) is functional of designing surface properties of electroactive materials. Ammonium fluoride has functional abilities for designing MOF derivatives with excellent energy storage abilities. Systematic design of MOF derivatives using ammonia fluoride-based complex as SDA can essentially create efficient electroactive materials. Metal species can also play significant roles on redox reactions, which are the main energy storage mechanism for battery-type electrodes. In this work, 2-methylimidazole, two novel SDAs of NH₄BF₄ and NH₄HF₂, and six metal species of Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn are coupled to synthesize MOF derivatives for energy storage. Metal species-dependent compositions including hydroxides, oxides, and hydroxide nitrates are observed. The nickel-based derivative (Ni-HBF) shows the highest specific capacitance (C_F) of 698.0F/g at 20 mV/s, due to multiple redox states and advanced flower-like surface properties. The diffusion and capacitive-control contributions of MOF derivatives are also analyzed. The battery supercapacitor hybrid with Ni-HBF electrode shows a maximum energy density of 27.9 Wh/kg at 325 W/kg. The C_F retention of 170.9% and Coulombic efficiency of 93.2% are achieved after 10,000 cycles.