Surface properties and biocompatibility of anodized titanium with a potential pretreatment for biomedical applications

The effects of anodized titanium (Ti) with a potential hydrogen fluoride (HF) acid pre-treatment through cathodization on the formation of nano‐porous Ti dioxide (TiO2) layer were char-acterized using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, grazing incidence X‐ray diffractome-ter, and contact angle goniometer. The biocompatibility was determined by 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐ 2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Analytical results found that a well‐aligned nano‐porous structure was formed on the anodized Ti surface with HF pretreatment concentration above 0.5%. Microstructure of the nano‐porous Ti dioxide surface generated by anodization with HF pretreatment was composed of anatase and rutile phases, while the anodized Ti sample with HF pretreatment concentration of 0.5% presented excellent hydrophilicity surface. An in‐vitro bio-compatibility also indicated that osteoblast cells grown on the surface of the anodized Ti sample with HF pretreatment increased with the increase of culture time. The filopodia of osteoblast cells not only adhered flat, but also tightly grabbed the nano‐porous structure for promoting cell adhesion and proliferation. Therefore, the anodized Ti with HF pretreatment can form a functionalized surface with great biocompatibility for biomedical applications, particularly for dental implants.