TY - JOUR
T1 - Sex differences in otolaryngology
T2 - Focus on the emerging role of estrogens in inflammatory and pro-resolving responses
AU - Luo, Sheng Dean
AU - Chiu, Tai Jan
AU - Chen, Wei Chih
AU - Wang, Ching Shuen
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under grant number 110-2320-B-038-015.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/8/2
Y1 - 2021/8/2
N2 - Otolaryngology (also known as ear, nose, and throat (ENT)) diseases can be significantly affected by the level of sex hormones, which indicates that sex differences affect the manifestation, pathophysiology, and outcomes of these diseases. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that proinflammatory responses in ENT diseases are linked to the level of sex hormones. The sex hormone receptors are present on a wide variety of immune cells; therefore, it is evident that they play crucial roles in regulating the immune system and hence affect the disease progression of ENT diseases. In this review, we focus on how sex hormones, particularly estrogens, regulate ENT diseases, such as chronic rhinosinusitis, vocal fold polyps, thyroid cancer, Sjögren’s syndrome, and head and neck cancers, from the perspectives of inflammatory responses and specialized proresolving mediator-driven resolution. This paper aims to clarify why considering sex differences in the field of basic and medical research on otolaryngology is a key component to successful therapy for both males and females in the future.
AB - Otolaryngology (also known as ear, nose, and throat (ENT)) diseases can be significantly affected by the level of sex hormones, which indicates that sex differences affect the manifestation, pathophysiology, and outcomes of these diseases. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that proinflammatory responses in ENT diseases are linked to the level of sex hormones. The sex hormone receptors are present on a wide variety of immune cells; therefore, it is evident that they play crucial roles in regulating the immune system and hence affect the disease progression of ENT diseases. In this review, we focus on how sex hormones, particularly estrogens, regulate ENT diseases, such as chronic rhinosinusitis, vocal fold polyps, thyroid cancer, Sjögren’s syndrome, and head and neck cancers, from the perspectives of inflammatory responses and specialized proresolving mediator-driven resolution. This paper aims to clarify why considering sex differences in the field of basic and medical research on otolaryngology is a key component to successful therapy for both males and females in the future.
KW - ENT diseases
KW - Estrogens
KW - Formyl peptide receptor 2
KW - Lipoxins
KW - Otolaryngology
KW - Resolution of inflammation
KW - Resolvins
KW - Sex difference
KW - Sex hormone
KW - Specialized lipid mediators
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U2 - 10.3390/ijms22168768
DO - 10.3390/ijms22168768
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34445474
AN - SCOPUS:85112532732
SN - 1661-6596
VL - 22
JO - International journal of molecular sciences
JF - International journal of molecular sciences
IS - 16
M1 - 8768
ER -