TY - JOUR
T1 - Self-referential processing in our brain-A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self
AU - Northoff, Georg
AU - Heinzel, Alexander
AU - de Greck, Moritz
AU - Bermpohl, Felix
AU - Dobrowolny, Henrik
AU - Panksepp, Jaak
N1 - Funding Information:
The work was made possible by grants from the German Exchange Service (Postdoc-Programme) to F.B. (DAAD, D/02/46858), the German Research Foundation (DFG, 304/1-4) to G.N., and the Salus Stiftung to G.N.
PY - 2006/5/15
Y1 - 2006/5/15
N2 - The question of the self has intrigued philosophers and psychologists for a long time. More recently, distinct concepts of self have also been suggested in neuroscience. However, the exact relationship between these concepts and neural processing across different brain regions remains unclear. This article reviews neuroimaging studies comparing neural correlates during processing of stimuli related to the self with those of non-self-referential stimuli. All studies revealed activation in the medial regions of our brains' cortex during self-related stimuli. The activation in these so-called cortical midline structures (CMS) occurred across all functional domains (e.g., verbal, spatial, emotional, and facial). Cluster and factor analyses indicate functional specialization into ventral, dorsal, and posterior CMS remaining independent of domains. Taken together, our results suggest that self-referential processing is mediated by cortical midline structures. Since the CMS are densely and reciprocally connected to subcortical midline regions, we advocate an integrated cortical-subcortical midline system underlying human self. We conclude that self-referential processing in CMS constitutes the core of our self and is critical for elaborating experiential feelings of self, uniting several distinct concepts evident in current neuroscience.
AB - The question of the self has intrigued philosophers and psychologists for a long time. More recently, distinct concepts of self have also been suggested in neuroscience. However, the exact relationship between these concepts and neural processing across different brain regions remains unclear. This article reviews neuroimaging studies comparing neural correlates during processing of stimuli related to the self with those of non-self-referential stimuli. All studies revealed activation in the medial regions of our brains' cortex during self-related stimuli. The activation in these so-called cortical midline structures (CMS) occurred across all functional domains (e.g., verbal, spatial, emotional, and facial). Cluster and factor analyses indicate functional specialization into ventral, dorsal, and posterior CMS remaining independent of domains. Taken together, our results suggest that self-referential processing is mediated by cortical midline structures. Since the CMS are densely and reciprocally connected to subcortical midline regions, we advocate an integrated cortical-subcortical midline system underlying human self. We conclude that self-referential processing in CMS constitutes the core of our self and is critical for elaborating experiential feelings of self, uniting several distinct concepts evident in current neuroscience.
KW - Cortical midline structures
KW - Domains
KW - Imaging
KW - Processes
KW - Self
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U2 - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002
DO - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002
M3 - Article
C2 - 16466680
AN - SCOPUS:33747431511
SN - 1053-8119
VL - 31
SP - 440
EP - 457
JO - NeuroImage
JF - NeuroImage
IS - 1
ER -