Rose-like structure of calcium molybdate decorated on halloysite nanotubes as an electrocatalyst: Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical determination of promethazine hydrochloride in biological and environmental samples: Density functional theory studies

In recent years, the significance of Promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ) drugs has grown exponentially in both human and veterinary healthcare systems. Improperly getting rid of residues can contaminate environmental samples and food products. Therefore, a rapid detection and efficient treatment of PMZ is highly desired. In this study, the hydrothermal synthesis of calcium molybdate supported on halloysite nanotubes (CMO/HNTs) is described, employing ultrasonication. Various spectrophotometric techniques were employed to characterize the resulting electrocatalyst. The synthesized CMO/HNTs were utilized for electrocatalytic detection of promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ) through CV and LSV methods. The electrochemical determination of PMZ yielded captivating results, showcasing excellent electrocatalytic performance. Notably, the study achieved a wider linear range (10 µM to 800 µM), a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 2.72 nM, and an advanced sensitivity (0.185 μA µM⁻¹ cm⁻²). Additionally, the CMO/HNTs/GCE exhibited outstanding stability, repeatability, and selectivity. Additionally, the PMZ sensor was successfully implemented in real time for analyzing biological and environmental samples.