Roles of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in prostate cancer progression

Background: Inflammation is known to promote tumor formation and progression; however, we found a natural anti-inflammatory factor, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), in a mouse transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP)-C1-derived tumor microenvironment (TME). We sought to characterize the functions of the IL1RN-secreting cells in the TME. Methods: We compared tumors collected from two syngeneic mouse models and isolated tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) with different cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b) statuses. We examined the proliferation functions of the TILs and the IL1RN using several approaches, including a colony-formation assay and DNA synthesis levels. Results: We demonstrated that CD11b-deficient TILs (TILs/CD11b⁻) secreted the IL1RN and promoted proliferation by analyzing conditioned media. In addition to mouse TRAMP-C1, proliferation functions of the IL1RN were confirmed in several human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines and one normal epithelial cell line. The androgen-sensitive lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cell line showed cytotoxic responses to IL1β treatment and androgen-dependent regulation of IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1), while the C4-2 CRPC cell line did not. IL1RN rescued LNCaP cells from the cytotoxic effects of IL1β/IL1R1 signaling. Conclusions: Our results support TILs/CD11b⁻ cells being able to protect androgen-dependent cells from inflammatory damage and promote the malignant progression of prostate cancers partly through the IL1RN in the TME.