Recurrent CIC gene abnormalities in angiosarcomas: A molecular study of 120 cases with concurrent investigation of PLCG1, KDR, MYC, and FLT4 gene alterations

Angiosarcoma (AS) is a rare sarcoma subtype showing considerable clinicopathologic and genetic heterogeneity. Most radiation-induced AS show MYC gene amplifications, with a subset of cases harboring KDR, PTPRB, and PLCG1 mutations. Despite recent advances, the genetic abnormalities of most primary AS remain undefined. Whole-transcriptome sequencing was initiated in 2 index cases of primary soft tissue AS with epithelioid morphology occurring in young adults for novel gene discovery. The candidate abnormalities were validated and then screened by targeted sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization in a large cohort of 120 well-characterized AS cases. Findings were subsequently correlated with the status of KDR, PLCG1, MYC, and FLT4 gene abnormalities. The clinicopathologic relevance and prognostic significance of these genetic changes were analyzed by statistical methods. Concurrent CIC mutations and CIC rearrangements were identified in both index cases, with a CIC-LEUTX fusion detected in 1 case. Upon screening, an additional visceral AS in a young adult had a complex CIC rearrangement, whereas 6 others harbored only CIC mutations. All 3 CIC-rearranged AS cases lacked vasoformation and had a solid growth of round, epithelioid to rhabdoid cells, showing immunoreactivity for CD31 and Etsrelated gene and sharing a transcriptional signature with other round cell sarcomas, including CIC-rearranged tumors. Overall, CIC abnormalities occurred in 9% (9/98) of cases, affecting younger patients with primary AS, with an inferior disease-free survival. In contrast, PLCG1 and KDR mutations occurred in both primary and secondary AS cases, accounting for 9.5% and 7%, respectively, with a predilection for breast and bone/viscera location, regardless of MYC status. MYC amplification was present in most secondary AS related to breast cancer (91%) compared with other causes (25%) or primary AS (7%). FLT4-amplified AS lacked PLCG1/KDR mutations, occurring predominantly in MYC-amplified population, and showed poor prognosis.