Pulmonary hemodynamics and wave reflections in adults with atrial septal defects

Using high-fidelity micromanometers and flow velocity sensors at right heart catheterization, we compared pulmonary hemodynamics and wave reflections in age-matched normal adults and those with atrial septal defects, separated into three subgroups based on levels of mean pulmonary artery pressure: low (<17 mmHg), intermediate (17–26 mmHg), high (>26 mmHg). We made baseline measurements in all groups and after intravenous sodium nitroprusside in the subgroups. All of the subgroups had higher than normal baseline pulmonary flows and corresponding power that did not differ among the subgroups. The pulmonary vascular resistance, input resistance, and characteristic impedance in the subgroups did not differ from normal. Aside from the elevated flow and power, the hemodynamics in the low subgroup did not differ from normal. The intermediate subgroup had significantly higher than normal right ventricular and pulmonary artery pressures, wave reflections, and shorter wave reflection time, which all reverted to normal after nitroprusside. The high subgroup had similar changes as the intermediate subgroup. Unlike that subgroup, however, the pressures, wave reflections, and reflection return time did not revert to normal after nitroprusside. Hence, elevated wave reflections, but not resistance or characteristic impedance, are the hallmark of pulmonary hypertension in adults with atrial septal defects. Our results demonstrate that detailed measurements of hemodynamics and assessment of responsiveness to vasodilators provide important information about the pulmonary circulation in atrial septal defect. Coupled with studies after defect closure, those results may be a better foundation than current ones for clinical decisions.