Molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of folate on homocysteine-challenged rat aortic smooth muscle cells

Background and Purpose Homocysteine is an intermediate product formed during the metabolism of methionine, and is increased in cells with folate deficiency. Patients with hyperhomocysteinemia tend to develop cardiovascular disease. Here, we have examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of folate on homocysteine- challenged rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). Experimental Approach Cultures of RASMC were challenged with homocysteine and then incubated with folate added. Changes in p21/p27, AKT and RhoA were followed by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Transfection and anti-sense techniques were also used. Cell viability, growth and migration were measured. Key Results Folate up-regulated p21/p27 through a Src/ERK-dependent mechanism that accounted for its anti-proliferative effects on RASMC. Folate protected RASMC from the effects of homocysteine by reducing AKT1, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, and p190RhoGAP activation/phosphorylation, along with cytosolic levels of p21 and p27, and increasing RhoA activation. Overexpression of AKT1, but not of AKT2, induced p21/p27 phosphorylation and increased cytosolic p21/p27 levels, as did homocysteine treatment. By contrast, and similarly to folate treatment, transfection with dominant negative (DN) AKT1 counteracted these effects. Additionally, AKT was shown to be an upstream target of FAK activation. In RASMC overexpressing constitutively active RhoA, activation of RhoA mediated the anti-migratory effects of folate. Addition of Y27632 (a RhoA inhibitor) and DNRhoA counteracted the anti-migratory effects, confirming RhoA involvement. Conclusion and implications Folate was anti-proliferative and anti-migratory in homocysteine-challenged RASMC. Mechanisms underlying folate-mediated protection against the proatherosclerotic effects of homocysteine have been delineated.