Mitochondrial Mechanisms in Temozolomide Resistance: Unraveling the Complex Interplay and Therapeutic Strategies in Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal brain tumor, with temozolomide (TMZ) being the standard chemotherapeutic agent for its treatment. However, TMZ resistance often develops, limiting its therapeutic efficacy and contributing to poor patient outcomes. Recent evidence highlights the crucial role of mitochondria in the development of TMZ resistance through various mechanisms, including alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, metabolic reprogramming, apoptosis regulation, biogenesis, dynamics, stress response, and mtDNA mutations. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mitochondrial mechanisms involved in TMZ resistance and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms to overcome resistance in GBM. We explore the current state of clinical trials targeting mitochondria or related pathways in primary GBM or recurrent GBM, as well as the challenges and future perspectives in this field. Understanding the complex interplay between mitochondria and TMZ resistance will facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies and ultimately improve the prognosis for GBM patients.