Lifetime cigarette smoke and second-hand smoke and cervical intraepithelial neoplasm-A community-based case-control study

Background.: Both active cigarette smoking and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are known risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN). The association between second-hand smoke (SHS) and CIN has not been conclusively determined. We conducted a community-based case-control study to estimate the relationship between SHS and CIN. Methods.: Potential study subjects were selected through Pap smear screening in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan. A total of 171 subjects with either their first case of inflammation (benign epithelial lesion) or ≥ CIN1 by biopsy confirmation were assigned to a case group; 513 normal subjects with negative findings by Pap smears or biopsies were assigned to a control group. Results.: Non-smoking women exposed to more than 20 pack-years of cigarette smoke had a significantly greater risk of developing ≥ CIN2 than unexposed non-smokers (adjusted OR = 7.2, 95% CI = 2.5-20.6). Among the women without HPV infections, the greater the severity of disease found in the groups (normal, inflammation, CIN1, to ≥ CIN2), the more likely it was for the women to be exposed to SHS, a significant increasing trend (p = 0.037). Conclusions.: In addition to HPV infection and active cigarette smoking, exposure to SHS is a major risk factor for CIN among Taiwanese women.