Internalization is essential for the antiapoptotic effects of exogenous thymosin β-4 on human corneal epithelial cells

PURPOSE. Exogenous thymosin β-4 (Tβ ₄) has been shown to inhibit the apoptosis in nontransformed human corneal epithelial cells that is triggered by ethanol. The purpose of this study is to examine whether exogenous Tβ ₄ protects SV40-immortalized human corneal epithelial T (HCE-T) cells against the toxic effects of Fas ligand (FasL) and hydrogen peroxide (H ₂O ₂) and to elucidate its mechanism of action. METHODS. HCE-T cells were incubated without or with the recombinant histidine-tagged Tβ ₄ produced by Escherichia coli before the addition of FasL or H ₂O ₂. Cell viability was determined by MTT or MTS assay, and activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3 was examined by colorimetric and fluorescent substrate cleavage assays. The internalization of exogenous Tβ ₄ in HCE-T cells was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Cytochalasin D, an actin depolymerization agent, was added to examine whether the actin cytoskeleton is involved in Tβ ₄ entry and whether the internalization of this peptide is crucial for its cytoprotection. RESULTS. The death of HCE-T cells induced by both FasL and H ₂O ₂ was dramatically reduced by the recombinant Tβ ₄ pretreatment. Moreover, FasL-mediated activation of caspases-8 and -3 as well as H ₂O ₂-triggered stimulation of caspases-9 and -3 in these cells was abolished by preincubating them with the exogenous Tβ ₄. Of note, internalization of this G-actin-sequestering peptide into HCE-T cells was found to be essential in cell death prevention, in that disruption of the cellular entry of Tβ ₄ by cytochalasin D abrogated its cytoprotective effects. CONCLUSIONS. This is the first report to demonstrate that the internalization of exogenous Tβ ₄ is essential for its antiapoptotic activity in human corneal epithelial cells.