TY - JOUR
T1 - Combined effect of cognitive dysfunction and sleep disturbance on mortality risk
T2 - NHANES 2011–2014
AU - Yeh, Tian Shin
AU - Huang, Yi Chen
AU - Ho, Shu Chuan
AU - Siow, Co Yih
AU - Lee, Hsin Chien
AU - Recio-Rodriguez, Jose I.
AU - Sung, Jia Ying
AU - Tani, Jowy
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2025.
PY - 2025/12
Y1 - 2025/12
N2 - Background: Both cognitive dysfunction and sleep disturbances are individually linked to heightened risks of chronic illnesses and mortality. However, their combined impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality remains underexplored. Methods: This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014, focusing on participants aged ≥ 60 years who completed cognitive tests and sleep-related questionnaires. Cognitive function was evaluated using three standardized tests: The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD), the Animal Fluency Test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Participants with global cognitive z-scores below − 1 were classified as having low cognitive function. Sleep disturbance was identified based on self-reported diagnoses of sleep disorders or complaints of trouble sleeping. Mortality data were sourced from the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, with adjustments for potential confounders. Results: A total of 3,170 participants ≥ 60 years of age were included for analysis. Participants with low cognitive function alone had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.59 (95% CI: 1.12–2.26) for all-cause mortality. The risk increased to an aHR of 1.73 (95% CI: 1.07–2.79) when both low cognitive function and sleep disturbances were present. Stratified analyses revealed that the associations between cognitive function, sleep disturbance, and mortality risks varied across sex, BMI, and chronic kidney disease status. Conclusions: The combination of low cognitive function and sleep disturbances is associated with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, exceeding the risk of either condition alone. These findings emphasize the need to consider both factors together when assessing mortality risk in older adults.
AB - Background: Both cognitive dysfunction and sleep disturbances are individually linked to heightened risks of chronic illnesses and mortality. However, their combined impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality remains underexplored. Methods: This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014, focusing on participants aged ≥ 60 years who completed cognitive tests and sleep-related questionnaires. Cognitive function was evaluated using three standardized tests: The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD), the Animal Fluency Test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Participants with global cognitive z-scores below − 1 were classified as having low cognitive function. Sleep disturbance was identified based on self-reported diagnoses of sleep disorders or complaints of trouble sleeping. Mortality data were sourced from the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, with adjustments for potential confounders. Results: A total of 3,170 participants ≥ 60 years of age were included for analysis. Participants with low cognitive function alone had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.59 (95% CI: 1.12–2.26) for all-cause mortality. The risk increased to an aHR of 1.73 (95% CI: 1.07–2.79) when both low cognitive function and sleep disturbances were present. Stratified analyses revealed that the associations between cognitive function, sleep disturbance, and mortality risks varied across sex, BMI, and chronic kidney disease status. Conclusions: The combination of low cognitive function and sleep disturbances is associated with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, exceeding the risk of either condition alone. These findings emphasize the need to consider both factors together when assessing mortality risk in older adults.
KW - Cognitive dysfunction
KW - Mortality
KW - National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES)
KW - Sleep disturbance
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105014945680
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=105014945680&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1186/s12991-025-00593-7
DO - 10.1186/s12991-025-00593-7
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:105014945680
SN - 1744-859X
VL - 24
JO - Annals of General Psychiatry
JF - Annals of General Psychiatry
IS - 1
M1 - 52
ER -
