Clinical factors and outcomes in patients with acute mesentric ischemia in the emergency department

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the initial clinical characteristics of acute mesenteric ischemia and identify variables associated with adverse outcomes in the emergency department (ED). Methods: The charts of 124 consecutive patients with surgically and pathologically identified acute mesenteric ischemia from September 1990 to September 2000 were reviewed retrospectively to obtain data about demographics, initial clinical presentations, predisposing diseases, previous medications, laboratory tests, and common findings on computed tomography scans with contrast. Only patients admitted through the ED and treated on medical or surgical wards were enrolled. Results: Mean patient age was 71.1 years (range, 25-100 years). The overall mortality rate was 50%. There were no significant differences in gender, underlying disease, previous medication, initial signs and symptoms, and causes of mesenteric infarction, between survivors and non-survivors. Univariate analysis demonstrated that older age, bandemia, hepatic and renal impairment, hyperamylasemia, metabolic acidosis, hypoxia, intramural pneumatosis, and septic syndrome, were more frequent in patients who died than in those who survived (p < 0.05). Logistic regression identified the following variables as independent predictors of death: old age (odds ratio, OR, 1.077; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.013, 1.146; p = 0.02); bandema (OR, 3.894; 95% CI, 1.160, 13.074; p = 0.03); elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST; OR, 4.532; 95% CI, 1.274, 16.122; p = 0.02); increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN; OR, 7.219; 95% CI, 1.166, 44.696; p = 0.03); and metabolic acidosis (OR, 6.604; 95% CI, 1.804, 24.171; p < 0.01). Conclusion: A high index of suspicion and aggressive diagnostic imaging can facilitate early diagnosis and improve outcomes for patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. Risk stratification showed that elderly patients with metabolic acidosis, bandemia, or elevated AST and BUN had a poor prognosis. Greater therapeutic intervention is advocated to reduce mortality in high-risk patients with acute mesenteric ischemia.