Ceftazidime-avibactam and intrapleural amikacin therapy for extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa thoracic empyema: A case report

Introduction:Thoracic empyema and concomitant bronchopleural fistula are serious complications of pneumonia. The treatment of empyema caused by extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (XDR-PA) has become increasingly challenging.Patient's concerns and important clinical findings:A 57-year-old woman with controlled schizophrenia developed hospital-associated bacterial pneumonia secondary to P. aeruginosa on day 13 of hospitalization for brain meningioma surgery.Diagnosis:Chest radiography and computed tomography revealed right-sided necrotizing pneumonia with pneumothorax, a focal soft tissue defect over the right lower chest wall, and a mild right-sided encapsulated pleural effusion with consolidation. XDR-PA was isolated on empyema cultures.Interventions:The patient was treated with intrapleural amikacin as a bridge to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, followed by novel ceftazidime-avibactam therapy.Outcomes:On the 104th day of admission, the patient underwent chest wall debridement and closure. The patient was discharged on day 111. Twenty-eight days after discharge, there were no observable sequelae of empyema.Conclusion:Although the minimum inhibitory concentration of ceftazidime-avibactam for XDR-PA is relatively high (8 mg/L), this report emphasizes the efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam treatment for XDR-PA empyema, as well as the importance of source control.