@article{bbad979685c8406b92f946adde80fc2f,
title = "Astaxanthin protects PC12 cells against homocysteine- And glutamate-induced neurotoxicity",
abstract = "Memory impairment has been shown to be associated with glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity, homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation, and oxidative stress. We hypothesize that Glu and Hcy could damage neuronal cells, while astaxanthin (ATX) could be beneficial to alleviate the adverse effects. Using PC12 cell model, we showed that Glu and Hcy provoked a huge amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, causing mitochondrial damage at EC50 20 and 10 mm, respectively. The mechanisms of action include: (1) increasing calcium influx; (2) producing ROS; (3) initiating lipid peroxidation; (4) causing imbalance of the Bcl-2/Bax homeostasis; and (5) activating cascade of caspases involving caspases 12 and 3. Conclusively, the damages caused by Glu and Hcy to PC12 cells can be alleviated by the potent antioxidant ATX.",
keywords = "Astaxanthin (ATX), Glutamate (Glu), Homocysteine (Hcy), Intrinsic apoptotic pathways, Neuroprotective, PC12 cells",
author = "Chang, {Chi Huang} and Chen, {Kuan Chou} and Liaw, {Kuo Chun} and Peng, {Chiung Chi} and Peng, {Robert Y.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors acknowledge the funding offered by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST103-2313-B-038-002-MY3,MOST105-2320-B-038-034-MY3,MOST106-2320-B-038-032&MOST108-2320-B-038-051) and by TaipeiMedical University-Shuang Ho Hospital (Grant No. 107 TMU-SHH-11).*%blankline%* Funding Information: AuthorRoberK.-C.C.tandContributions:Y. PCe.-ng C.P.;1,* Analysis:K.-C.L.andC.-C.P.;Projectadministration:K.-C.C.andC.-H.C.;Fundingacquisition:Conceptualization,C.-H.C.andR.Y.P.; Methodology,C.-H.C.andK.-C.L.;Validation: K.-C.C., C.-H.C. and C.-C.P. Writing manuscript—C.-C.P. and R.Y.P.; Revising the manuscript: C.-C.P., K.-C.C. and Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.-H.C. and R.Y.P.; Methodology, C.-H.C. and K.-C.L.; Validation: R.Y.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. K.-C.C. and C.-C.P.; Analysis: K.-C.L. and C.-C.P.; Project administration: K.-C.C. and C.-H.C.; Funding acquisition: K.-C.C., C.-H.C. and C.-C.P. Writing manuscript—C.-C.P. and R.Y.P.; Revising the manuscript: C.- (MOST103-2313-B-038-002-MY3, MOST105-2320-B-038-034-MY3, MOST106-2320-B-038-032 & MOST108-2320-B-038-051) C.P., K.-C.C. and R.Y.P. and by Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital (Grant No. 107 TMU-SHH-11). Funding: The authors acknowledge the funding offered by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST103-2313-B-038-002-MY3, MOST105-2320-B-038-034-MY3, MOST106-2320-B-038-032 & MOST108-2320-B-038-051) and by Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 by the authors.",
year = "2020",
month = jan,
day = "5",
doi = "10.3390/molecules25010214",
language = "English",
volume = "25",
journal = "Molecules",
issn = "1420-3049",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "1",
}